91ÊÓƵÍøÕ¾ÎÛ

Have you ever noticed that witness marks left on milled surfaces are not consistent between linear and circular motions — even though they use the same feed rate? Have you wondered why milling cutters tend to chatter when they machine internal arcs? The reason is related to the difference between the size of the milling cutter’s centerline circular path radius and the size of the work surface’s circular path radius.

CNCs generate motion rate for the centerline path of the cutting tool. When milling a two-axis contour at 10.0 ipm, it is the cutting tool’s centerline that moves along at 10.0 ipm. When milling a linear surface (G01), the CNC will machine the straight work surface at precisely 10.0 ipm.

With circular motion, however, the length of a cutter’s centerline circular movement will be different from that of the work surface’s circular movement. For external arcs, the centerline path is longer. For internal arcs, it is shorter. See the illustration to get the idea.

If the feed rate is correct for linear motions and if it carries over from a previous linear motion command, the CNC will machine the external round work surfaces slower and internal round work surfaces faster than linear surfaces. The larger the difference between the centerline path arc size and work surface path arc size, the more pronounced the feed rate difference will be at the point of contact for machining (cutter tangency point). The result: machining arcs using the linear motion feed rate can lead to excessive cycle time for external arcs, chatter, undesired finishes or even broken cutters with internal arcs.

This condition also exists with single-point cutting tools used for lathe operations. But since the tool nose radius is quite small, the centerline path is close to the work surface path, making the effect much less obvious.

Look at the illustration again. For external arcs, notice how much of an impact this can have on cycle time. If using the linear motion feed rate of 10.0 ipm with a 0.25-inch external radius machined by a 1.0-inch diameter cutter, this motion takes nearly 5 seconds longer to machine than it should. Programmers must increase the circular motion feed rate three-fold to machine the 0.25-inch work surface radius in the same fashion as linear surfaces.

The ratio between work surface path radius size and centerline path radius size determines the amount by which to increase (external radii) or decrease (internal radii) the circular motion feed rate. In this example, the work surface path radius is 0.25 inch and the centerline path radius is 0.75 inch (0.25 inch plus 0.5 inch). Dividing 0.75 by 0.25 gets a result of 3.0. Instead of using the linear motion feed rate of F10.0, the programmer will need a feed rate of F30.0 for the circular motion. Programming the appropriate circular motion feed rate for external arcs can have a big impact on production run time, especially with high-volume work.

The same ratio exists for internal arcs. Again, divide the centerline path radius by the work surface path radius. The result will always be less than one. Multiply this result times the feed rate used for linear machining. This renders a feed rate that is slower than the linear path feed rate.

Some CNC manufacturers have features that help you deal with this issue. Heidenhain, for instance, includes its “constant contouring speed” feature. FANUC allows for the slowing of internal circular motions with “automatic corner override” using a parameter but leaves it up to machine builders or end users to make the related settings (look up parameter number 7010 with current 0- and 30-series CNCs). You may even find that your CAM system has something that can help.

If such features are available, learn how to use them. If not — or if you are not happy with how they work, don’t miss next month’s CNC Tech Talk, which will cover two user-defined G-code programs that help deal with this issue.