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As a machining professional or manufacturing expert, how many times do product designers or engineers tell you how to make a part? I am guessing rarely, if at all, just like you do not tell them how to design or engineer their parts.

Instead, they specify geometric dimensions and tolerances for each component that they want you to manufacture, and then you tell them the best way to make it to meet those specifications. Once they realize how expensive the components are to make with the current specifications, they tweak the tolerances and iterate until both parties reach a compromise.

With additive manufacturing (AM), specifying how the part will be built is just as important as designing the part itself. So, when engineers are designing new parts to be made with AM, they have to think just as much about build orientation and layout as they do the geometry and features being designed into their parts, otherwise, they may not get the part they designed.

Consider the test part in Figure 1, which was designed by Andrew Coward, a Ph.D. student working with Dr. Karen Thole at Penn State to evaluate AM for gas-turbine applications. The test part was designed with features that are typical of these applications: small, internal piping; orifices; protrusions; thin walls; fins and more that are oriented in different directions.

The 3D solid model was sent to three AM service bureaus that were asked to manufacture it in a readily available metal alloy. The CAD file and material were specified, but the build process was not. Each service bureau could orient and additively manufacture the part however they wanted. This test simulated the same “hand off” that designers are used to making with traditional manufacturers.

The lack of build-process specification resulted in drastically different parts. Figure 2 shows two of the AM test parts, highlighting the warped edges, non-uniform surfaces, missing fins, support structures that were not removed and other issues. Further analysis in our computed tomography (CT) scanner revealed that the part that looked the best on the outside was actually the worst on the inside (see Figure 3), while the one that looked the worst on the outside was the best on the inside.

So, what happened? Well, design was “divorced” from manufacturing in this case, and the team did not get what it designed. One service bureau oriented the part to ensure that the internal features printed well, another focused more on the external features and the third tried a compromise between the internal and external features. No matter how the part is oriented, it is very difficult to print, and everyone learned a valuable lesson.

Without specifying (designing) the build, AM producers are going to do what is best for them, which is typically reducing build time and material utilization. This often means picking an orientation that minimizes build height, which can cause all sorts of headaches when it comes to post processing and finishing (machining) AM parts.

This is not intended as a critique of AM service bureaus. Rather, it reinforces the importance of designing the part and designing the build when it comes to AM.