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DED is basically laser cladding on steroids. Layer by layer, it additively manufactures a part by feeding powder or wire into a melt pool created by a laser, electron beam or plasma arc. It helps address the scalability issues with powder-bed fusion (PBF), and it can often build parts faster than PBF. The downside is part accuracy, but DED also enables better material utilization because the “blown powder” is fed directly into the melt pool versus spread in a layer, as with PBF. Material utilization is even better when using wire feed instead of powder feed for DED.

1. Fixing Mistakes

Because powder is blown/wire is fed into the melt pool, you do not have to build on a flat surface when using DED. This is where the idea of the “machinist’s eraser” comes from: If you accidently removed too much material from a part during machining, it is easy to add back with DED and start again. Granted, this will not work for every material, but DED is one of the more flexible forms of additive manufacturing (AM) in terms of materials that can be processed.

Aside from fixing mistakes, DED also provides an easy way to add ribs, bosses, flanges or connectors to an existing part. Rather than having to machine protrusions out of a larger piece of material, a conventional manufacturing process can be used to build the main body of the structure, and then DED can be used to add attachments to the outside (or inside) of the part with minimal scrap and material waste.

2. Repairs and Restoration

If we take the eraser metaphor to the extreme, then it is easy to see why DED is also good for repairs and restoration of worn components. No longer does an entire part need to be scrapped if a surface erodes or important features wear. Instead, DED can be used to add material and build the part back to its original geometry. In fact, in many cases in our lab, my colleagues have repaired parts for about $0.10 per dollar using DED—restoring the bearing surfaces on a $6,000 shaft for about $600 or relining surfaces on a $30,000 part for about $3,000.

3. Multi-Material Applications

Many DED systems also come with two or more powder hoppers, enabling you to run the system without interruption. Instead of filling both hoppers with identical powder, though, people are putting different alloys in each hopper and using DED to change the material composition during the build. This enables you to functionally grade the part, transitioning from say, a hard material at one end of the part to a corrosion-resistant material at the other end of a part without having to assemble a bunch of components with different material properties.

While we are only starting to understand the possibilities of functionally graded materials—let alone how to design, analyze and inspect them—one multi-material application that excites me most is “tagging” a part with a different material as the part is being built with DED. This enables new avenues for anti-counterfeiting, ensuring that the part you bought or are using is the real part and not a fake.

The example in the figure shows a small titanium part that is tagged with a second material in one of the layers as it is being built. You cannot see the difference with your eye, but if you x-ray the part with a hand-held scanner or in a computed tomography (CT) system, then the tag readily appears because you can choose materials with different densities for the “taggant” and the part. For more information on this application, see our paper with Sharon Flank and her team at InfraTrac Inc. in .

We tend to only focus on the positive benefits of AM, but counterfeit parts are becoming easier and easier to make thanks to AM. Aerospace and defense companies are spending billions of dollars to ensure fake parts do not enter their respective supply chains. Luckily, we can use the design and material freedoms of DED to help us solve some of those issues, too.

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This is part two in a series about directed energy deposition.

• Read: What Is Directed Energy Deposition?
• Read: Additive Manufacturing with Wire